Application of apophyllite and thomsonite natural zeolite as modified adsorbents for the removal of zinc from acid mine drainage.

Materials composed of natural zeolite have the potential to serve as highly effective adsorbents in the treatment of wastewater. The present study explores zeolite resin-based Apophyllite and Thomsonite as adsorbents for removing Zinc from acid mine drainage solution. The characteristics of the natural zeolites (Apophyllites and Thomsonite) are investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The removal of Zinc from AMD is explored, and the influence of metal ion concentration, resin dose, and pH is investigated using a batch exchange resin-based experimental method. Maximum zinc removal occurs in the pH range of 2-6 with an initial zinc content of 50-250 mg/L and a resin dosage of 25-700 mg/L, indicating that the adsorption process is pH-dependent. Various isotherm models, including those proposed by Freundlich and Langmuir as well as Redlich-Peterson, Dubinin, and Temkin, are used to verify the results of the experimental research. All these isotherm models' constants are determined. Both resins showed different sorption efficiencies at different operating conditions. However, highest Zn removal efficiency of 86.2% was observed for the Thomsonite zeolite resin whereas Apophyllite zeolite resin showed maximum Zn uptake of 81.6%. Thus, Thomsonite was found to be an effective sorbent.

A review of microbial fuel cell and its diversification in the development of green energy technology.

The advancement of microbial fuel cell technology is rapidly growing, with extensive research and well-established methodologies for enhancing structural performance. This terminology attracts researchers to compare the MFC devices on a technological basis. The architectural and scientific successes of MFCs are only possible with the knowledge of engineering and technical fields. This involves the structure of MFCs, using substrates and architectural backbones regarding electrode advancement, separators and system parameter measures. Knowing about the MFCs facilitates the systematic knowledge of engineering and scientific principles. The current situation of rapid urbanization and industrial growth is demanding the augmented engineering goods and production which results in unsolicited burden on traditional wastewater treatment plants. Consequently, posing health hazards and disturbing aquatic veracity due to partial and untreated wastewater. Therefore, it's sensible to evaluate the performance of MFCs as an unconventional treatment method over conventional one to treat the wastewater. However, MFCs some benefits like power generation, stumpy carbon emission and wastewater treatment are the main reasons behind the implementation. Nonetheless, few challenges like low power generation, scaling up are still the major areas needs to be focused so as to make MFCs sustainable one. We have focused on few archetypes which majorities have been laboratory scale in operations. To ensure the efficiency MFCs are needed to integrate and compatible with conventional wastewater treatment schemes. This review intended to explore the diversification in architecture of MFCs, exploration of MFCs ingredients and to provide the foreseen platform for the researchers in one source, so as to establish the channel for scaling up the technology. Further, the present review show that the MFC with different polymer membranes and cathode and anode modification presents significant role for potential commercial applications after change the system form prototype to pilot scale.